These operations caused by technological necessity, must necessarily be governed by, and the costs

Yamal gas price forecasts demand Kazakhstan Ministry of Energy of Azerbaijan tax rate proposal gasification power shelf access tariffs pipeline Group ERTA investment stocks of TNK-BP APG Eastern Siberia EU Turkmenistan plate of food clipart resources Sakhalin-2 China Far East US Rosneft UGS export pipeline transit LNG production Shtokman Eastern Gas Program regulation Ukraine auction plate of food clipart
Methodological guidelines for the definition of technologically necessary irretrievable losses of gas in the creation and operation of gas storage plate of food clipart in porous formations Agreed. Director of underground gas storage VNIIGDZa _______________ SN. Buzinov management of production planning and statistical ___________________ RG. Gafarov Leader _______________ SG. Soldatkin Department of Geology and mining _________________ VA. Ponomarev plate of food clipart Office podzemnomuhraneniyu gas
The paper describes the methodological provisions and recommendations for the definition and description of certain types of technologically necessary costs of irrecoverable plate of food clipart losses of gas in the creation and operation of gas storage in porous formations.
Methodological guidelines were prepared on the basis of generalization of factual material on functional objects instead of recommendations in 1976 in connection with the emergence of a number plate of food clipart of modern technological developments and techniques plate of food clipart designed to reduce gas losses, as well as to more accurately conduct gas balance for gas storage facilities.
5.2.1. Experimental method
The main processes of creation and cyclic plate of food clipart operation of underground storage facilities in aquifers and depleted fields related to the development of industrial pumping, selection and storage of pressurized gas in a porous medium, naturally or artificially sealed in a structural trap. According to the current "Rules for the establishment and operation of underground gas storage in porous formations" intelligence perspective objects not previously contained plate of food clipart hydrocarbons, additional exploration capacity and filtration properties developed deposits exhausted deposits are accompanied by field studies of wells, geophysical measurements and other operations associated with the partial release of gas. Injection or gas extraction, start and stop of compressor units, separation, purification and drying gas accompanied by blowdown.
These operations caused by technological necessity, must necessarily be governed by, and the costs and losses excluded from the balance of the gas storage facilities in accordance with the recommendations contained in this paper.
Along with the technological cost calculation which may be performed for regulated operations virtually all existing gas storage reservoir occur processes related to the dissolution, diffusion, sorption of hydrocarbons. They do not go beyond the established relationship between the active and buffer volumes of gas. However, the jamming of the active volume appreciably reduces the potential selection of gas and leads to an increase in total loss of reservoir.
Existing regulations write-offs of certain volumes of gas storage facilities for technological needs by now obsolete, as it does not take into account the current activities aimed at reducing certain types of operating plate of food clipart costs and losses of gas. In particular, these standards do not take into account the part of the losses arising directly during prolonged storage of the gas. Therefore, this work is a logical continuation of the current regulations, is intended to clarify the dimensions of the actual operating costs and losses of gas for different types of storage facilities and the corresponding plate of food clipart mining and geological, technical and technological conditions.
This work is also aimed at a more accurate account of technological costs and geological gas losses plate of food clipart due to rising energy costs, which currently is of great importance, as well as to better reflect the individuality of each store. If the operating costs for their structures are almost the same and may differ by only storage volumes, the geological losses are more complex and require further research on their evaluation.
Methodological plate of food clipart guidelines do not cover the one-time gas losses arising on wells, field communications and major gas storage sites because of their state of emergency and emissions. These types of losses should be separately and color, it is written off the gas transported in the prescribed manner.
According to geological conditions of establishment and operation of underground gas storage in porous formations are one of the complex technical facilities. The presence of tectonic disturbances, partially or completely isolated blocks, bridges, etc. complicates the processing methods used in order to intensify the processes of injection and withdrawal of gas to prevent flooding deposits